Deceptive Patterns
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UX experts vs. AI: exploring the performance of large language models and humans on detecting dark patterns

Author
Joshua C. Nwokeji, M. Nkwo, T. Ikwunne, Meiyeer Yeerbo
Date
5 May 2026
Publisher
AI and Ethics
Focus
AI & Automation
Category
Academic Scholar

A novel study which explores the performance of AI/LLMs and UX experts in detecting dark patterns in UI images, and provides a benchmark dataset that could be useful to future research, while discussing empirical insights into the role, limitations, and promise of AI/LLMs in UI/UX design ethics and auditing, in realistic deployment scenarios.

While AI ethics ensures fairness, accountability, and protection of user rights, dark patterns manipulate users to take unintended actions on digital interfaces. Related studies uncover limited insights into how reliably; human experts and AI models can detect dark patterns within a specific taxonomy. Our research fills this gap by asymmetrically examining cross-origin detection performance of human and AI/LLM evaluators (each evaluator’s ability to detect dark patterns generated by the opposite source) to understand their limitations and future potentials. Using GPT-4.1, we generated 200 UI images (with matched dark and non-dark pattern pairs) and selected 200 UI images collected 200 human-created UI screenshots from the ContextDP/AidUI dataset, based on computational, methodological, and statistical considerations.