Deceptive Patterns
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‘Informed’ consent in popular location based services and digital sovereignty

Author
J. Dreyer, Sven Heitmann, Felix Erdmann, Gernot Bauer, C. Kray
Date
1 Feb 2022
Publisher
Journal of Location Based Services
Focus
Privacy & Data Protection
Category
Academic Scholar

A systematic analysis of how informed consent for the collection of personal location information is obtained in 40 popular LBS on each of the two largest app stores finds common approaches used across and within different app categories and platforms, including the frequent use of ‘dark patterns’.

ABSTRACT In many countries, informed consent is required before a service provider can collect personal data from a user. For location-based services (LBS), this applies in particular to personal location information, which can enable deep inferences about a person. In this paper, we present a systematic analysis of how informed consent for the collection of personal location information is obtained in 40 popular LBS on each of the two largest app stores. Two independent raters assessed the content, structure and design of the dialogues shown by apps to obtain consent from users. Based on their assessment, we identified common approaches used across and within different app categories and platforms, including the frequent use of ‘dark patterns’.