Deceptive Patterns
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From playful to manipulative: Exposing deceptive patterns in digital applications for young children

Author
Nicholas O'Donnell, Madison Klarkowski, Janelle E. MacKenzie, Ella M. Horton, S. Mallawaarachchi, Steven J. Howard, Daniel Johnson
Date
1 Jan 2026
Publisher
Int. J. Child Comput. Interact.
Focus
HCI & Psychology
Category
Academic Scholar

Deceptive design patterns—i.e., user interface tactics that serve to manipulate users into making decisions that benefit a company—are endemic to playful digital experiences. Children have been identified as particularly vulnerable to these tactics, owing to their ongoing cognitive development and nascent critical reasoning.

Deceptive design patterns—i.e., user interface tactics that serve to manipulate users into making decisions that benefit a company—are endemic to playful digital experiences. Children have been identified as particularly vulnerable to these tactics, owing to their ongoing cognitive development and nascent critical reasoning. In this paper, we employ a media content analysis—utilising Gray et al. (2024) hierarchical and universal ontology—to assess the prevalence and presentation of deceptive design patterns in playful apps aimed at young children (aged 5–8 years). Our results show that free apps rely more heavily on deceptive design patterns than paid apps, and that the high-level categorisation of patterns employed most frequently include Interface Interference , Sneaking , and Forced Action .